Kako cjepiva djeluju?

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Svaka klica pokreće jedinstven odgovor u imunom sustavu koji uključuje specifični set T limfocita, B limfocita i memorijskih stanica.
Imunitet je obično dugogodišnji, često i doživotni.

Problem s prirodnom infekcijom – npr. izlaganje ospicama – je u tome što virus izaziva bolest prije nego se razvije imuni odgovor. U teškim slučajevima, infekcija može dovesti do smrti ili doživotnog invaliditeta prije nego se razvije imunitet. Cjepivo potiče protutijela i limfocite, potičući stvaranje memorije imuniteta bez uzrokovanja bolesti.

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Dva tipa cjepiva

Živa oslabljena

Proizvedena u laboratoriju modificiranjem bakterija ili virusa uzročnika bolesti.
Mogu se replicirati i stvarati imunitet, ali uglavnom ne uzrokuju bolest, npr. MPR, žuta groznica i cjepivo protiv vodenih
kozica.

Inaktivirana

Inaktivirana cjepiva sačinjena su ili od cijelih bakterija/virusa, ili njihovih dijelova sa proteinskim ili polisaharidnim nosačem.
Cjepiva sa proteinskim nosačem sadrže toksoide (inaktivirane bakterijske toksine) kao što je tetanus.
Cjepiva sa polisaharidnim nosačem sačinjena su od čistih staničnih stijenki bakterija.
Konjugirana polisaharidna cjepiva (kemijski vezana na protein) su jača.

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Kako cjepiva djeluju?

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Cjepiva sadrže ili oslabljeni oblik virusa ili bakterije uzročnika bolesti, ili njegov mali dio.

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Kada tijelo registrira sadržaj cjepiva, imuni sustav proizvodi protutijela potrebna za borbu protiv infekcije i uklanjanje virusa/bakterije uzročnika bolesti.

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Kasnije ako Vaše dijete dođe u kontakt s virusom/bakterijom, njegov/njezin imuni sustav će prepoznati uzročnika i zaštiti dijete proizvodnjom ciljanih protutijela.

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Kalendar cijepljenja

Kalendar cijepljenja je vremenski slijed primanja cjepiva, tj. shema cijepljenja (engl. Vaccine schedule), neovisno o tome je li cijepljenje obavezno ili preporučeno. On pokazuje u kojoj dobi i s koliko se doza preporučuje cijepiti dijete da bi se postigla najbolja zaštita od bolesti protiv koje se dijete cijepi.

Svake godine Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo kao stručno tijelo izrađuje prijedlog Programa cijepljenja i šalje ga u Ministarstvo zdravstva koje, na čelu s Ministrom, odobrava Program i tako on postaje zakonski obvezujući.

U Hrvatskoj se cijepljenje provodi protiv sljedećih bolesti: tuberkuloze, difterije, tetanusa, pertusisa, poliomijelitisa, morbila, rubeole, parotitisa, hepatitisa B i protiv bolesti uzrokovanih Haemophilusom influenzae tip B.

Svaka država ima svoj program cijepljenja (engl. National immunization programme; NIP), neovisno o tome je li on obvezan ili preporučen.

U Hrvatskoj se prema Kalendaru cijepljenja djeca cijepe protiv ukupno deset bolesti, dok je u nekim državama taj broj veći, pa tako u svom kalendaru cijepljenja imaju i cijepljenje protiv vodenih kozica, rota virusa, pneumokokne bolesti, meningokokne bolesti i hepatitisa A.

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Vrste cjepiva u Kalendaru cijepljenja

BCG: štiti od tuberkuloze

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5 u 1 (DTaP-IPV-Hib): štiti od difterije, tetanusa, pertusisa, dječje paralize i bakterijskih infekcija uzrokovanih Hib-om (Haemophilus influenzae tip B)

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MMR: štiti od ospica, zaušnjaka irubele

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Hepatitis B

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DiTe: štiti od difterije i tetanusa, docijepljivanje

Dodatna cijepljenja

Pneumokokno cjepivo: štiti od bakterijskih infekcija koje uzrokuje Streptococcus pneumoniae – meningitis, pneumonija, upale uha

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Rotavirusno cjepivo: sprječava rotavirusnu diareju (proljev)

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HPV cjepivo: štiti od tipova humanog papilomavirusa koji mogu uzrokovati cervikalni rak i genitalne bradavice

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Cjepivo protiv vodenih kozica

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Sezonsko cjepivo protiv gripe

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